福州国家森林公园环境容量评估及其管理策略研究

选择适合的森林公园环境指标评价体系,计算福州国家森林公园的生态容量,并与实际的游客量进行比较,得出福州国家森林公园有待进一步加大森林公园的开展力度。提出应该从森林旅游产品、旅游交通、旅游营销以及旅游管理方面加以改进。     

西部大开发退耕还林(草)的政策有效性评析

退耕还林 (草 )是一项复杂的社会经济生态系统工程 ,它直接涉及到粮食产量、技术、资金、劳动力等方方面面的问题。本文在分析西部地区退耕还林 (草 )的必要性和矛盾性的基础上 ,对退耕还林 (草 )政策从外部经济性、效益的阶段性、退耕还林 (草 )后农业的发展等方面做了评析。指出目前我国西部退耕还林 (草 )试点工程出现了经济林比例过大、行政手段干预为主、退耕还林树种单一等一系列问题 ,并针对这些问题 ,提出了一些建议。最后 ,本文认为尽快建立健全生态补偿机制是保证退耕还林 (草 )政策能够持续实施的关键之所在。     

Smallholder perceptions of agroforestry projects in Panama

The potential effects of agroforestry systems on conservation and development have been well documented. Panama has seen a substantial rise in the number of projects with an agroforestry component in the 1990s. There has been insufficient research on the actual impacts of these projects on smallholders and of farmers' attitudes towards these systems. This study explores the perceived socioeconomic and environmental impacts of five agroforestry projects in Panama. A total of 68 smallholders were administered semi-structured interviews. In addition, 13 agroforestry experts from NGOs, government departments and research institutes were interviewed, and their responses were compared with those of the smallholders. While the projects led to an increase in the standard of living by providing wood products and fruit for domestic consumption, farm income levels generally remained unchanged. This was due primarily to limited market development, the lack of marketing organizations and poor access roads. In terms of environmental impacts, the farmers' responses suggested a slight decline in slash-and-burn agriculture, and an increase in tree planting activities. Some environmental benefits were observed by farmers, including reduced soil erosion, increased soil fertility, and improved quality and quantity of water sources. Nevertheless, slash-and-burn agriculture was still the norm for the majority of farmers. Most farmers continued to harvest wood from primary and secondary growth to meet their domestic wood requirements, rather than relying on trees planted in agroforestry projects. The main obstacles preventing increased agroforestry adoption included insufficient agroforestry extension, inappropriate project design or management (such as top-down management approaches, and the use of food incentives), smallholders' economic constraints, and larger policy issues. Recommendations are proposed to improve project design and management, and to address the economic and policy constraints. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

旅游解说牌示规划设计方法与技术探讨

针对目前我国旅游景区管理人员对旅游解说牌示的价值、规划方法与技术认识不深的现实,在旅游解说规划中充分体现人本主义的思想下,结合景区旅游解说资源的特性与游客特征,分析出旅游解说牌示规划与设计应包括规划阶段、设计阶段、建造阶段、评估与保持等4个阶段和组建解说队伍、清查解说资源、决定解说目标、选择牌示类型、选择牌示材料、连接对象与文本、确定牌示文本、确定牌示尺度、选择印刷方式、评估解说牌示与保持解说牌示等11个具体步骤.     

Vertical profiles of environmental factors within tropical rainforest, Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia

Environmental factors, such as global solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature, humidity, and CO₂ concentration, were measured above and within the canopy of a tropical rainforest in Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Few data concerning the environment of this forest have been reported. Intensive observations were carried out in 1998, 1999, and 2000 with the following results: (1) The fraction of global solar radiation reaching the upper layer of the canopy varied with global solar radiation above the canopy. Even though the global solar radiation above the canopy fluctuated, the fraction of that reaching the lower canopy and the ground was constantly approximately 5%. (2) The fraction of wind speed reaching each layer of the canopy increased with wind speed above the canopy. Little wind was usually present at the lower canopy. (3) The daytime air temperature at the canopy top was higher than that near the ground. The maximum difference between the air temperature at the canopy top and that at the ground was about 5°C, and the diurnal temperature ranges at the canopy top and those at the ground were about 8°C and about 5°C, respectively. The highest daytime water vapor pressure occurred within the canopy and particularly near the ground. Vertical gradients of water vapor pressure during the day were steep, probably because of high transpiration. (4) In the 1998 observation the minimum and the maximum CO₂ concentrations were 360 ppm in the day and 450 ppm at night, while in the 2000 observation the minimum and the maximum CO₂ concentrations were 350 ppm in the day and 540 ppm at night. The higher CO₂ concentration in the daytime and the lower concentration at night observed during the 1998 observation period were probably due to reduced photosynthesis and soil respiration caused by exceptional dry conditions during the observation period.     

用热扩散式茎流计测定园林树木蒸腾耗水量

采用热扩散式边材液流探针和环境自动监测系统对北京3种园林树木的树干液流及主要环境因子进行了一个生长季的同步观测.结果表明,3树种树干液流的日变化呈明显的单峰曲线,晴天的液流速率大于多云天和阴天,紫叶李和悬铃木的日耗水量明显大于元宝枫;对不同天气3树种每h的液流速率与相应的环境因子进行逐步回归分析.结果显示,影响3树种液流速率的主要环境因子是空气温度、空气相对湿度、辐射强度和5 cm土层温度,在不同天气里起主导作用的因子不同,环境因子与树干液流之间的数量关系能较好地预测树木的蒸腾耗水量.     

Refugee impact on collective management of forest resources: a case study of Bhutanese refugees in Nepal's Eastern Terai region

This article analyzes the relationship between forest resources, refugees, and the host population. The findings of the research suggest that the host population are heavily dependent on the local forest for their daily needs such as fuelwood, timber, grazing area, fodder for domestic animals, foods, and medicine in addition to cultural and esthetic needs. The forest has also been relied upon for agricultural needs such as manufacture of agricultural tools, maintenance of irrigation water systems, erosion control, and fertilizer needs. The forest was under a sustained demand as any other Terai forest of Nepal. After the arrival of refugees in 1992, the demand for forest resources increased substantially. Initially, the construction of the refugee camps decreased the total forest area and also required some felling of trees. More significantly, the refugees themselves became active users of the forest resource, which generated extra pressure on the forest and created scarcity of forest resources. Before the arrival of the refugees, forest management and monitoring of illegal use of the forest resources were carried out by the government through its local forester office. The local residents were active users of the forest resources, but were passive in managing and maintaining the forest resource. However, competition from the refugees instilled a desire in the local population to safeguard and protect the dwindling resource against the external threat by creating the Humse Dumse Community Forest.     

浅谈森林生态效益补偿策略

从森林生态效益的补偿对象、补偿主体、补偿标准的确定和补偿资金发放的操作程序四个方面对生态公益林的补偿政策进行了分析,并为我国的森林生态效益补偿政策提出了几点建议。     

人参组织和细胞培养的研究 Ⅰ.环境因子对人参愈伤组织生长的影响

人参(Panax ginseng)是我国传统的名贵药材,不仅在临床医学上用于治疗多种疾病,而且在保健食品、保健饮料中的应用也越来越广泛。随着人们生活水平的提高,对人参的需求量也越来越大。由于人参栽培需要特殊的气候、土壤条件,我国只在部分地区种植,而且需要种植5—6a才能收获,年产量不能满足人们的需求。为了改进入参药材的品质和增加市场供应量,有必要利用近代生物技术开展人参组织和细胞培养的研究,探讨人工培养工业化生产人参的技术路线。     

香椿幼树光合作用及其影响因子研究

香椿叶片光合速率季节性变化为双峰曲线 ,最高峰出现在 6月 ,次高峰出现在 8月。日变化也呈双峰曲线 ,最高峰出现在 9:30 ,次高峰出现在 16 :30 ,午间有明显的“午休”现象 ,叶片光合能力等非气孔因素是导致午休的主要原因。香椿光合作用的光饱和点为 110 0 μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1,补偿点为 5 3.9μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1。光合作用最适温度为 35 .8℃。